PCOD and PCOS: Causes, Symptoms, Differences and Treatment
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is reported to impact approximately 8–13% of women of reproductive age, with as many as 70% of those affected remaining undiagnosed globally.
PCOD full form Polycystic Ovarian Disease and PCOS full form Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a medical conditions in which a woman’s ovaries generate immature or partially mature eggs. This hormonal imbalance leads to missed menstrual cycles and complicates the process of conception in women.
In addition to hormonal fluctuations, this condition may also result in:
– Diabetes
– Infertility
– Acne
– Excessive hair growth
While it is a relatively prevalent disorder, there is currently no definitive cure. Now, let us delve into detail about PCOD and PCOS.
What is PCOD?
PCOD, or Polycystic Ovarian Disease, is a medical condition that impacts the ovaries in females. In individuals with PCOD, the ovaries are characterized by the presence of numerous small cysts or follicles that fail to mature and release eggs as typically expected during the menstrual cycle.
This condition is classified as a hormonal disorder and may lead to various symptoms, including irregular menstrual cycles, acne, weight gain, excessive hair growth, and challenges with fertility. While the precise etiology of the PCOD problem remains unclear, it is generally thought to be associated with hormonal imbalances, particularly an overproduction of androgen hormones (such as testosterone) and insulin resistance.
What is PCOS?
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition characterized by an overproduction of hormones by the ovaries, which are the organs responsible for the generation and release of eggs. In individuals with PCOS, there is an abnormal increase in androgen levels, leading to a disruption in the balance of reproductive hormones.
This hormonal imbalance in the body often results in irregular menstrual cycles, missed periods, and unpredictable ovulation. Anovulation, or the failure to ovulate, can lead to the formation of small follicle cysts—fluid-filled sacs containing immature eggs—visible on ultrasound examinations of the ovaries.
It is important to note that despite the term “polycystic,” the presence of ovarian cysts is not a prerequisite for a diagnosis of PCOS and syndrome is one of the most common causes of infertility among women and those assigned female at birth (AFAB).
What Are The Symptoms of PCOD and PCOS?
Symptoms of PCOD and PCOS consist of the following:
1. Irregular or Absent Menstrual Cycles:
A primary indicator of PCOD/PCOS is the unpredictability of menstrual cycles. Individuals affected by PCOS may experience infrequent or extended menstrual periods, or they may completely miss their cycles.
2. Excessive or Extended Menstrual Bleeding:
Some individuals with PCOD/PCOS may suffer from heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, referred to as menorrhagia. This condition can arise from hormonal imbalances.
3. Increased Levels of Androgens:
PCOD/PCOS frequently results in the overproduction of androgens, which are male hormones that are also present in lower amounts in females. This heightened androgen production can manifest in various symptoms, including:
– Excessive Hair Growth: The abnormal development of coarse, dark hair on areas such as the face, chest, and back, where men typically grow hair.
– Persistent or Severe Acne: The occurrence of ongoing, severe, or cystic acne may signal the presence of PCOS.
– Thinning or Hair Loss: Hair thinning or loss may occur in a pattern resembling male baldness (androgenic alopecia).
4. Infertility and Challenges in Conceiving:
PCOS is a common cause of reproductive difficulties and challenges in achieving pregnancy. The irregular ovulation patterns associated with PCOS hinder the release of mature eggs, complicating the conception process for affected women.
5. Weight Gain and Challenges in Weight Management:
Many women with PCOS face difficulties in managing their weight. Hormonal imbalances disrupt the body’s ability to store and process glucose, leading to weight gain, particularly in the abdominal area. The signs and symptoms of PCOD can negatively impact the overall health of females, with common indicators including irregular menstrual cycles, weight gain, and increased facial hair.
6. Skin Discoloration:
Some women with PCOS/PCOD may experience changes in skin pigmentation, often presenting as dark patches on areas such as the neck, genital region, and armpits. This condition, known as acanthosis nigricans, is typically associated with insulin resistance.
What Is the Cause of PCOD and PCOS?
PCOD/PCOS arises from a multifaceted interplay of factors, including genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, and family history. It is not attributable to a single cause. A variety of elements, such as genetic factors, insulin metabolism, and hormonal imbalances, play significant roles in the onset of PCOD/PCOS. To effectively address this condition, it is essential to understand these various underlying causes.
- Poor Nutrition: Adopting a diet that is deficient in essential nutrients and high in unhealthy fats and sugars may play a role in the onset of PCOD/PCOS.
- Lack of Physical Activity: A lifestyle characterized by minimal physical activity can elevate the risk of developing PCOD.
- Hormonal Disruptors: Certain medications, including some that are available without a prescription, can interfere with hormone levels and may contribute to the development of PCOD.
- Hereditary Factors: PCOD/PCOS frequently occurs within families, suggesting a genetic component.
In addition to these factors, researchers have identified several physiological contributors that may heighten the risk of developing PCOD/PCOS:
- Excess Insulin Production: Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, is crucial for regulating metabolism and blood sugar levels. Elevated insulin levels are considered a significant factor in the development of PCOD/PCOS, as excess insulin can promote the production of androgens (male hormones), which may inhibit ovulation.
- Chronic Inflammation: Various physiological conditions can lead to persistent low-grade inflammation in the body. Autoimmune disorders and other mild inflammatory processes may contribute to elevated androgen levels.
- Elevated Androgen Levels: Increased levels of androgens, often referred to as male hormones, can lead to symptoms such as excessive hair growth on the face and body, acne, skin problems, and a heightened risk of cardiovascular diseases.
What is The Difference Between PCOD and PCOS?
| Features | PCOS | PCOD |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | A hormonal imbalance accompanied by metabolic issues. | The ovarian condition is characterized mostly by cysts. |
| Hormones | High testosterone levels, as well as insulin resistance. | Abnormalities in hormones, high estrogen levels. |
Ovarian Cysts | Multiple tiny cysts on the ovaries. | Multiple tiny cysts on the ovaries. |
Symptoms | Skin tags, weight gain, insulin resistance, male pattern baldness, hirsutism, acne, and irregular periods. | Weight gain, acne, hirsutism, and irregular periods. |
Causes | Inflammation, insulin resistance, and genetics. | Environmental, lifestyle, and genetic influences. |
Complications | Endometrial cancer, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and infertility. | Ovarian cyst problems and infertility. |
Statistics | Around 0.2% to 2.5% of the world’s women population is affected by PCOS. | 10% of the world’s women population is affected by PCOD. |
How is PCOD And PCOS Diagnosed?
PCOD, and PCOS present various physical symptoms that can impact multiple body systems and is typically diagnosed through blood tests and imaging techniques. A gynecologist will evaluate symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, excessive male-pattern hair growth on areas like the chest, face, and back, acne, or hair thinning on the scalp.
They will also inquire about the patient’s medical history, dietary habits, and any medications being taken, including both prescription and over-the-counter drugs, as well as vitamins and supplements.
To confirm a diagnosis of PCOD or PCOS, a gynecologist may suggest the following:
- Pelvic examination: A physical assessment of the reproductive organs to identify any masses, abnormalities, or growths.
- Blood tests: These tests are essential for evaluating hormone levels and may include a fasting lipid profile to assess total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), as well as glucose tolerance tests.
- Imaging tests: An ultrasound may be performed to examine the size of the ovaries, the uterine lining, and the presence of cysts in the ovaries.
In addition to the aforementioned tests, the gynecologist may recommend further evaluations to identify potential complications, which could include:
- Regular monitoring of blood pressure, glucose tolerance, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels.
- Screening for anxiety and depression.
- Assessment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
Treatment For PCOD and PCOS
The treatment of PCOD/PCOS is tailored to address specific issues such as irregular menstrual cycles, obesity, infertility, acne, and excessive hair growth. Initial management typically involves lifestyle modifications, including weight loss, dietary adjustments, and increased physical activity.
The approach to treatment depends upon the presenting symptoms, which may include hirsutism, acne, and metabolic disturbances. This may encompass:
Also Read:- PCOS Treatment Cost in India
Lifestyle Modifications
Engaging in regular physical activity has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, regulate menstrual cycles, and lower androgen levels. A nutritious diet that incorporates whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats can assist in managing insulin levels and achieving a healthy weight. Attaining and sustaining a healthy body weight through appropriate dietary choices and consistent exercise can have a beneficial impact on hormone levels and alleviate symptoms. Employing stress management techniques such as meditation, yoga, or therapy can be effective in addressing hormone imbalances associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Medications
Hormonal contraceptives, including birth control pills or vaginal rings, may be recommended to regulate menstrual cycles, decrease androgen levels, and relieve symptoms such as hirsutism or acne. Anti-androgen medications can mitigate the effects of androgens, thereby helping to manage symptoms like excessive hair growth and acne. Additionally, medications such as Metformin may be prescribed to enhance insulin sensitivity, which can support weight management and regulate menstrual cycles.
Symptom Management
To alleviate the signs and symptoms of polycystic ovary disease (PCOD), it is advisable to utilize topical treatments for acne, remove excess hair as needed, and address mood-related issues through counseling or medication. These measures can contribute to an overall improvement in well-being.
Regular Monitoring and Follow-up
Regular consultations with healthcare professionals are essential for monitoring hormone levels, assessing the effectiveness of treatments for PCOD, and making necessary adjustments to minimize risks.
Helpful – Top 10 Gynecologists in India
Statistics of PCOD and PCOD in India
The prevalence of PCOS among Indian women varies widely across studies, ranging from:
- General Prevalence: It is indicated that PCOS affects approximately 3.7% to 22.5% of women of reproductive age in India.
- Pooled Prevalence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published between 2010 and 2021 found a pooled prevalence of PCOS to be 11.33%.
Age-Specific Statistics
PCOS is notably prevalent among younger women:
- Women Aged 20-29: A large-scale survey in 2020 reported that about 16% of women in this age group were diagnosed with PCOS.
- Adolescents: Studies have shown that the prevalence of PCOS in adolescents is approximately 9.13%.
Frequently Asked Questions About PCOD and PCOS
Q: Is It Possible for a Woman with PCOD to Become Pregnant?
A: It is possible for women with PCOD to become pregnant and carry the pregnancy to term; however, in order to prevent any difficulties, this requires preparation and follow-up contact with a gynecologist.
Q: Is It Possible to Gain Weight When Having PCOD or PCOS?
A: Indeed, metabolic disorders, hormonal imbalances, and elevated levels of androgen male hormone can cause women with pcod problems or PCOS to gain weight. Women’s weight increase patterns are similar to men’s, with a higher percentage of body fat developing as belly fat.
Q: When to See a Doctor?
A: In addition to irregular or protracted periods and one or more of the following symptoms, women with PCOS or PCOD may not menstruate at all:
- Acne
- Growth of hair on the face and other body areas
- thick, dark, velvety skin patches that are frequently found around the crotch or neck
- Problems conceiving (fertility issues)
- Gaining weight, usually around the waist
See a doctor if you encounter any of these symptoms
Q: Is PCOD a Severe Issue?
A: Most people consider PCOS to be a more serious condition. Simple lifestyle changes can often control PCOD, and in certain situations, no further medical care is required.
Q: Are PCOD and PCOS Similar?
A: Immature eggs released by the ovaries in PCOD lead to hormonal imbalances and other symptoms, such as enlarged ovaries. Cystic ovulation is more likely in PCOS because of endocrine issues that lead to the ovaries producing excessive amounts of androgen.
Bottom Line
Conditions such as PCOS and PCOD can impact a woman’s fertility and general well-being. It is crucial to understand the signs, symptoms, causes, distinctions, and treatment options for these conditions at an early stage.
If you suspect that you may have PCOS or PCOD, it is advisable to consult your healthcare provider regarding your symptoms. Should your objective be to conceive, implementing lifestyle changes and pursuing medical treatments can assist in managing the symptoms, lowering the risk of additional health complications, and facilitating pregnancy.
Reference
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome
